A new study suggests that where a child lives—even from birth—may influence their risk of developing cancer.
Researchers from Université de Montréal found that children who grow up near gas stations may face a higher risk of certain cancers, especially leukemia.
Childhood cancer is rare, but its impact can be severe. Even when children survive, they may face long-term health problems.
Scientists have long known that genetics explain only a small part of these cases.
Most are believed to be linked to environmental factors, although many of these risks are still not well understood.
The research team focused on gas stations because they release a chemical called benzene. Benzene is known to cause cancer and has already been linked to leukemia in adults. It is a natural part of crude oil and is present in gasoline.
Because it evaporates easily, it can enter the air during fuel storage, when cars are refueled, and when tanker trucks deliver fuel.
To study the possible effects on children, the researchers analyzed health data from across Quebec.
They followed children from birth using medical records and looked at where they lived at that time. This allowed them to compare cancer cases with how close the children’s homes were to gas stations.
Since it is difficult to measure exactly how much benzene each child was exposed to, the researchers used indirect methods.
They counted how many gas stations were within 250 meters of a child’s home, measured the distance to the nearest station, and combined these factors to estimate exposure levels.
The results showed a clear pattern. Children who lived closer to gas stations had a higher risk of developing leukemia. The risk increased the nearer they lived, with the highest risk seen among those living within 100 meters. These findings remained even after accounting for other factors such as income levels, whether the area was urban or rural, and characteristics of the child’s mother. The researchers also considered the fact that gas stations are often located near busy roads, which can also affect air quality.
The study does have limitations. It used the child’s address at birth and did not track whether families moved later. This means it cannot fully capture long-term exposure. Still, early life, including the period before birth, is considered a sensitive time when environmental factors can have strong effects on health.
Interestingly, the link between gas stations and cancer risk was weaker in Montreal. This may be because the city has rules requiring systems that capture gasoline vapors and reduce emissions. Although it is not clear how strictly these rules are followed, the findings suggest they may help lower risks.
The researchers say simple measures could make a difference. These include setting minimum distances between gas stations and homes, schools, or childcare centers, and using better systems to control emissions. While more research is needed, the study highlights the importance of considering environmental exposures when protecting children’s health.
