Blood cancer, also called hematologic cancer, includes several types of cancer that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymph system.
The most common types are leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
These cancers can be hard to understand, but researchers have found that many different things can lead to their development.
One of the main causes is changes in our genes, called mutations. These changes can happen on their own or be passed down from parents. Often, scientists don’t know exactly why these gene changes occur, but they can cause blood cells to grow in an abnormal and uncontrolled way.
People with certain genetic conditions like Down syndrome have a higher chance of developing blood cancer. Also, if someone in your family has had blood cancer, your risk may be higher because of shared genes.
Radiation is another known cause. People exposed to high levels of radiation, like from nuclear accidents or certain cancer treatments, have a greater risk of getting leukemia. Even small amounts of radiation from medical tests over time could raise the risk a little.
Some chemicals are also dangerous. A well-known one is benzene, which is found in cigarette smoke, factory emissions, and some cleaning products. Workers in industries like manufacturing or farming may be exposed to harmful chemicals that increase their cancer risk. Cutting down on contact with these chemicals may help reduce the risk.
Certain infections are linked to blood cancers too. For example, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been tied to some types of lymphoma. Other infections like HTLV-1 and Helicobacter pylori can also increase the chance of developing blood cancer.
These viruses and bacteria may change how the immune system works, making it harder for the body to control abnormal cells.
Having a weak immune system can raise the risk as well. People with conditions like HIV or those who take medications to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are more likely to get blood cancer. Their bodies can’t fight off abnormal cells as easily.
Age plays a role too. As we get older, our cells are more likely to pick up mutations, and our bodies become less able to fix these changes. This is why older adults are more at risk for types of blood cancer like multiple myeloma and certain leukemias.
Smoking is another lifestyle factor that increases blood cancer risk. Cigarettes contain harmful substances that can damage our DNA. People who smoke have a higher chance of getting a type of leukemia called AML. Quitting smoking can help lower this risk.
Some people are born with conditions that raise their risk. For example, people with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, known for causing breast and ovarian cancers, may also be at higher risk for blood cancer. Other conditions like Fanconi anemia and Li-Fraumeni syndrome can do the same.
In short, blood cancer doesn’t come from one cause. It can be due to genetic changes, radiation, chemicals, infections, immune system problems, age, or certain inherited conditions.
Even though we can’t control all these risks, we can take steps to protect ourselves. Avoiding smoking and harmful chemicals, staying healthy, and getting medical help when needed can all make a difference.
Scientists are still learning more about blood cancer every day. Their research gives hope for better ways to prevent and treat these serious illnesses in the future.
If you care about cancer, please read studies that artificial sweeteners are linked to higher cancer risk, and how drinking milk affects risks of heart disease and cancer.
For more health information, please see recent studies about the best time to take vitamins to prevent heart disease, and results showing vitamin D supplements strongly reduces cancer death.
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