Scientists from the University of Southern California (USC) have discovered a link between exposure to a common synthetic chemical and a higher risk of liver cancer. The chemical, called perfluooctane sulfate (PFOS), belongs to a group of man-made substances known as PFAS—short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
PFAS are widely used in consumer and industrial products. They are found in things like non-stick cookware, water-resistant clothing, food packaging, and firefighting foam. Because these chemicals break down extremely slowly, they tend to stay in the environment—and in our bodies—for a long time. This has earned them the nickname “forever chemicals.”
The USC study, published in JHEP Reports and led by Jesse Goodrich and his team, is the first to confirm a strong link between PFAS exposure and liver cancer in humans using blood samples collected before the cancer developed. Past research had suggested a connection, but this new study provides stronger evidence by analyzing samples from real people over time.
The researchers looked at data from over 200,000 residents of Los Angeles and Hawaii. Out of this group, they focused on 50 people who later developed liver cancer and compared them to 50 people from the same population who did not. All of the blood samples had been taken years before any signs of cancer appeared.
The results were striking. People with the highest levels of PFOS in their blood were 4.5 times more likely to develop a common type of liver cancer called non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma, compared to those with the lowest levels. This is the most common form of liver cancer in people who don’t have viral infections like hepatitis B or C.
The scientists also examined how PFOS might harm the liver. They found that the chemical can interfere with how the liver processes sugar, bile acids, and certain amino acids. These are all essential functions that help the body turn food into energy, remove waste, and regulate fat levels.
When these processes are disrupted, fat can build up in the liver—a condition known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
NAFLD is already a growing health concern. It affects millions of people around the world and is expected to impact 30% of U.S. adults by the year 2030. People with NAFLD are much more likely to develop liver cancer, so understanding what causes it is critical.
This study suggests that PFAS exposure may be one of the hidden drivers behind the rise in NAFLD and liver cancer. Since PFAS are so common and long-lasting, these findings are important for public health and may lead to stronger regulations in the future.
The researchers plan to expand their work and confirm their results with a larger study later this year. In the meantime, their message is clear: what we are exposed to in our environment—especially so-called “forever chemicals”—can have serious effects on our long-term health.
If you care about liver health, please read studies that refined fiber is link to liver cancer, and the best and worst foods for liver health.
For more health information, please see recent studies about how to boost your liver naturally, and simple ways to detox your liver.
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