Scientists from the University of Southern California have found that exposure to a widely used synthetic chemical is linked to a higher risk of developing liver cancer. The chemical, called perfluorooctane sulfate (PFOS), belongs to a group of man-made substances known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
These chemicals are used in many consumer and industrial products, including non-stick cookware, water-resistant fabrics, and food packaging.
PFAS are sometimes referred to as “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily. Over time, they accumulate in the environment and in human bodies, including the liver. Prior studies have suggested that exposure to PFAS may increase the risk of liver disease, but this is the first study to confirm a link between PFOS and liver cancer using human samples.
The researchers analyzed health data from more than 200,000 residents in Los Angeles and Hawaii to track the development of cancer and other diseases. They focused on 50 participants who later developed liver cancer and compared their blood samples—taken before their diagnosis—with those of 50 people who did not develop cancer.
The results showed that several types of PFAS were present in the blood samples of those who later developed liver cancer. The strongest link was with PFOS. Participants with the highest levels of PFOS in their blood were 4.5 times more likely to develop liver cancer than those with the lowest levels.
The researchers also investigated how PFOS might damage the liver. Their findings suggest that the chemical disrupts key liver functions, including how the body processes glucose, bile acids, and certain amino acids. This disruption can lead to fat buildup in the liver, a condition known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
NAFLD has been increasing rapidly worldwide, and experts are still trying to understand why. The condition is concerning because people with NAFLD have a much higher risk of developing liver cancer. By 2030, it is estimated that about 30% of adults in the U.S. will have NAFLD.
The researchers plan to conduct a larger study later this year to further explore the link between PFOS and liver cancer. Their findings add to growing concerns about PFAS exposure and its impact on human health.
The study was published in JHEP Reports and led by Dr. Jesse Goodrich.
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