In a new study, researchers found that most diets result in similar modest weight loss and improvements in heart disease risk factors over a period of six months, compared with a usual diet.
But the weight reduction at the 12-month follow-up diminished, and improvements in heart risk factors largely disappeared, except in association with the Mediterranean diet, which showed a small but important reduction in ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol.
As such, at least for short-term benefits, the researchers suggest that people should choose the diet they prefer without concern about the size of benefits.
The research was conducted by a team of international scientists.
Obesity has nearly tripled worldwide since 1975, prompting a plethora of dietary recommendations for weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction.
But so far, there has been no comprehensive analysis comparing the relative impact of different diets for weight loss and improving cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
To address this, the team set out to determine the relative effectiveness of dietary patterns and popular named diets among overweight or obese adults.
Their findings are based on the results of 121 studies with 21,942 patients (average age 49) who followed a popular named diet or an alternative control diet and reported weight loss, and changes in heart risk factors.
They grouped diets by macronutrient patterns (low carbohydrate, low fat, and moderate macronutrient—similar to low fat, but slightly more fat and slightly less carbohydrate) and according to 14 popular named dietary programs (Atkins, DASH, Mediteranean, etc).
They found compared with a usual diet, low carbohydrate and low-fat diets resulted in a similar modest reduction in weight (between 4 and 5 kg) and reductions in blood pressure at six months.
Moderate macronutrient diets resulted in slightly less weight loss and blood pressure reductions.
Among popular named diets, Atkins, DASH, and Zone had the largest effect on weight loss (between 3.5 and 5.5 kg) and blood pressure compared with a usual diet at six months. No diets significantly improved levels of ‘good’ HDL cholesterol or C reactive protein (a chemical associated with inflammation) at six months.
Overall, weight loss diminished at 12 months among all dietary patterns and popular named diets, while the benefits for cardiovascular risk factors of all diets, except the Mediterranean diet, essentially disappeared.
The researchers point to some study limitations that could have affected the accuracy of their estimates. But they say their comprehensive search and thorough analyses support the robustness of the results.
As such, they say moderate certainty evidence shows that most macronutrient diets result in modest weight loss and substantial improvements in cardiovascular risk factors, particularly blood pressure, at six but not 12 months.
Differences between diets are, however, generally trivial to small, implying that for short-term heart benefit people can choose the diet they prefer from among many of the available diets without concern about the magnitude of benefits.
The study is published in BMJ.
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