A new study from the University of California, Davis, reveals that ibuprofen—a common pain reliever used by millions—may impact the liver more than previously understood, with clear differences between men and women.
Ibuprofen belongs to a group of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). People often take it to relieve pain, reduce fever, or treat inflammation. While many are aware that ibuprofen can increase the risk of heart problems or stroke, this research brings new attention to how it might also affect liver health.
In the study, researchers gave mice a moderate dose of ibuprofen every day for one week. The dosage was similar to 400 mg per day for a typical adult human. Afterward, they used a high-tech method called mass spectrometry to examine what changed inside the mice’s liver cells.
The results were surprising. In male mice, ibuprofen changed at least 34 important processes in the liver. These changes affected how the body uses amino acids, hormones, and vitamins. It also increased levels of hydrogen peroxide, a chemical that can damage proteins and stress liver cells. Over time, this kind of stress could lead to liver problems.
But perhaps the most surprising finding was how differently male and female mice responded to the drug. In some cases, the same part of the liver acted in opposite ways depending on the sex of the animal.
For example, the proteasome—a system in cells that removes damaged or unwanted proteins—responded differently in males and females. This means that men and women might not process ibuprofen the same way.
Another important discovery was that ibuprofen might slow down how quickly the liver breaks down other medications in males. This could lead to other drugs staying in the body longer, increasing the chance of side effects or drug interactions.
This is the first time such an effect has been reported, and it could be important for people who take ibuprofen along with other prescriptions.
The researchers say these findings are a strong reminder not to overuse ibuprofen, especially for mild aches and pains that might not require medication.
They also stress the need for more research into how men and women react differently to the same drugs. These differences could help doctors offer more personalized and safer treatment options in the future.
The study, led by Professor Aldrin Gomes, was published in the journal Scientific Reports. It encourages both patients and healthcare providers to be cautious with over-the-counter painkillers. If you regularly use ibuprofen or take it with other medications, it’s a good idea to talk to your doctor to make sure it’s safe for your individual health needs.
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