Pancreatic cancer is a serious disease that starts in the pancreas, a small organ located behind the stomach.
The pancreas has two main jobs—it helps digest food and controls blood sugar levels. When cancer forms in this organ, it can be very dangerous because it is often found at a late stage, when it’s harder to treat.
One major cause of pancreatic cancer is smoking. Studies show that people who smoke are about twice as likely to develop this cancer compared to non-smokers. That’s because the harmful chemicals in cigarettes can damage cells in the pancreas. Quitting smoking is one of the best ways to reduce your risk.
Getting older also raises the risk. Most people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer are over the age of 65. As we age, the chance of changes in our genes increases, which can lead to cancer. While we can’t stop aging, regular health check-ups become more important as we get older.
Family history and genetics also play a big role. If a close relative—like a parent or sibling—has had pancreatic cancer, your own risk may be higher. Some people inherit gene changes like BRCA1 or BRCA2.
These genes are known for increasing breast and ovarian cancer risk but can also raise the chance of getting pancreatic cancer. Scientists are learning more about these genes to help with early testing and better treatment.
Chronic pancreatitis, or long-term swelling of the pancreas, is another cause. This condition can result from heavy alcohol use, gallstones, or inherited disorders. When the pancreas stays inflamed for a long time, its cells can change and possibly become cancerous. People with chronic pancreatitis—especially if it runs in the family—face a higher risk.
Being overweight or eating an unhealthy diet can also increase your chances of developing pancreatic cancer. Research shows that obesity raises the risk. Eating too much red or processed meat, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats can lead to weight gain. Choosing fruits, vegetables, and whole grains—and maintaining a healthy weight—can help protect you.
Diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, is another risk factor. People with diabetes are more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. Although the exact reason is still being studied, it may be related to high blood sugar levels and how the body uses insulin. Managing diabetes with healthy food, exercise, and treatment may help lower this risk.
Some jobs may also raise the risk. People who work with pesticides, dyes, or certain chemicals in metal refining may face higher risks. Scientists are still studying how these chemicals affect the body and how to better protect workers.
Learning what causes pancreatic cancer can help people make better choices. While some risk factors—like age and family history—can’t be changed, others—like smoking, diet, and weight—can be controlled. Making healthy lifestyle choices, knowing your family’s health history, and seeing a doctor regularly can all help lower your risk.
Researchers are working hard to better understand pancreatic cancer and how to treat it. By raising awareness and staying informed, people can take steps to stay healthier and catch problems earlier. With more research, there is hope for better treatments and longer lives for those affected by this disease.
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