SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) antibodies persist for months after infection, a new study shows.
One of the most significant questions about the novel coronavirus is whether people who are infected are immune from reinfection and, if so, for how long.
To determine the answer, researchers studied the production of antibodies from a sample of nearly 6,000 people and found immunity persists for at least several months after being infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
“We clearly see high-quality antibodies still being produced five to seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection,” says Deepta Bhattacharya, associate professor in the immunology department at the University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson and coauthor of the new study in Immunity.
“Many concerns have been expressed about immunity against COVID-19 not lasting.
We used this study to investigate that question and found immunity is stable for at least five months.”
Sars-cov-2 antibodies protection
When a virus first infects cells, the immune system deploys short-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies to immediately fight the virus. Those antibodies appear in blood tests within 14 days of infection.
The second stage of the immune response is the creation of long-lived plasma cells, which produce high-quality antibodies that provide lasting immunity.
Bhattacharya and coauthor Janko Nikolich-Žugich, professor and head of the immunobiology department, tracked antibody levels over several months in people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
They found SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are present in blood tests at viable levels for at least five to seven months, although they believe immunity lasts much longer.
“Whether antibodies provide lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 has been one of the most difficult questions to answer,” says coauthor Michael D. Dake, senior vice president of University of Arizona Health Sciences.
“This research not only has given us the ability to accurately test for antibodies against COVID-19, but also has armed us with the knowledge that lasting immunity is a reality.”
Earlier studies extrapolated antibody production from initial infections and suggested antibody levels drop quickly after infection, providing only short-term immunity.
Bhattacharya believes those conclusions focused on short-lived plasma cells and failed to take into account long-lived plasma cells and the high-affinity antibodies they produce.
“The latest time-points we tracked in infected individuals were past seven months, so that is the longest period of time we can confirm immunity lasts,” Bhattacharya says.
“That said, we know that people who were infected with the first SARS coronavirus, which is the most similar virus to SARS-CoV-2, are still seeing immunity 17 years after infection. If SARS-CoV-2 is anything like the first one, we expect antibodies to last at least two years, and it would be unlikely for anything much shorter.”
Antibody test has high level of accuracy
The study began when Nikolich-Žugich and Bhattacharya, both members of the University of Arizona BIO5 Institute, led a team that developed a blood test to check for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
A partnership with the state led to 5,882 volunteers undergoing antibody testing in Pima County, starting April 30. The testing efforts later were expanded statewide.
Since antibodies attach to viruses at more than one location, researchers developed the test using two different parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus—S1 and S2.
Most tests look for antibodies at S1, which includes the receptor-binding domain wherein the spike protein binds to a protein receptor to infect cells. The test also analyzes the S2 region of the spike protein. Antibodies must be present in both locations for the test to come back as positive.
“When we began, the first test we developed was 99% accurate for measuring antibodies in one part of the virus,” Nikolich-Žugich says. “We decided to confirm, and hopefully improve, that accuracy level by looking at another part of the virus that makes antibodies independent of the first location.
“We then validated that test, knowing some people will make antibodies more consistently for one part of the virus than the other. We put the two tests together, and only people who show antibody production for both parts of the test are determined to be positive.”
The scientific verification of the high level of accuracy of the new antibody test is the other finding in the new paper. Of 5,882 tests completed, only one returned a false positive, a rate of less than .02%. The test received US Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorization in August.
Nikolich-Žugich says the team now has tested almost 30,000 people. Antibody tests still are available for anyone in Arizona age 18 and older at multiple locations throughout the state. For more information or to sign up for testing, click here.
