Heart disease remains one of the top causes of death in Western countries.
For many years, scientists have focused on cholesterol as the main cause—specifically a condition called atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits called plaque build up inside the arteries.
This buildup narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow, which can lead to heart attacks or strokes.
Plaque is made from a mix of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and other materials in the blood. As it grows, the artery walls become stiffer and less flexible, which increases the risk of dangerous blockages.
The main theory behind this process has long been the “Lipid Hypothesis” or “Cholesterol Hypothesis.” This idea suggests that high levels of cholesterol in the blood are the main reason plaque forms in the arteries.
But a new study from researchers at New York University offers a deeper look at how heart disease might develop—and it’s not just about cholesterol. The study points to another key player in the body: platelets.
These are tiny cell fragments in the blood that help form clots when you get a cut or injury. Their job is to stop bleeding. But it turns out platelets may also play a big role in inflammation, which is another major part of atherosclerosis.
When platelets are activated—such as during stress, injury, or certain illnesses—they release substances that send signals to white blood cells, especially a group called leukocytes. These white blood cells then move toward the blood vessel walls and stick to them.
This process, known as chemotaxis, causes the white blood cells to enter the blood vessel lining and create inflammation, which makes the plaque problem worse.
The researchers found that a protein called SOCS3 is involved in this process. SOCS3 becomes more active in the presence of activated platelets and seems to drive inflammation in a specific type of white blood cell called myeloid cells. This means that even without blood clots forming, platelets can still cause damage by triggering chronic inflammation that helps plaque grow.
To test their findings, the researchers looked at real patients. In women who had recently experienced heart attacks, SOCS3 protein levels were high. They also had more activity in something called monocyte-platelet aggregates—clusters where white blood cells and platelets stick together.
Another group of patients with atherosclerosis in the arteries of their legs showed similar results: high SOCS3 levels, more active platelets, and signs of inflammation in their blood.
These results suggest that platelets play a much bigger role in heart disease than previously thought—not just by forming clots but by triggering inflammation that causes artery damage. This discovery opens the door to new ways of thinking about how to prevent and treat heart disease.
Cholesterol still matters, of course. Keeping LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels low is important. But now, inflammation and platelet activity are seen as equally important. Doctors may eventually have new tools or medications that specifically target inflammation, not just cholesterol.
In the meantime, simple lifestyle changes remain powerful. Eating a heart-healthy diet rich in vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats; getting regular exercise; managing stress; and not smoking can help reduce both cholesterol and inflammation.
Your doctor may also recommend medications like statins (which lower cholesterol and reduce inflammation), or newer treatments as research continues to evolve.
This study, led by Dr. Tessa Barrett and published in Science Translational Medicine, offers a fresh perspective on how heart disease really works. It reminds us that the body is a complex system, and tackling heart disease means looking at more than just one cause.
By understanding the full picture—including the hidden role of inflammation—we’re one step closer to better treatments and healthier lives.
If you care about heart health, please read studies about top foods to love for a stronger heart, and why oranges may help fight obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
For more health information, please see recent studies about simple guide to a 7-day diabetes meal plan, and why you should add black beans to your plate.
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