Scientists have uncovered new genetic clues behind the extraordinary lifespan of the Greenland shark, a species that can live for up to 400 years.
Researchers from the University of Tokyo have sequenced the shark’s genome, revealing unique adaptations that help it survive in the deep sea, resist disease, and potentially delay aging.
Greenland sharks inhabit the cold waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. They grow slowly—only about one centimeter per year—and can reach over six meters in length and weigh more than 1,400 kilograms.
In 2016, scientists used radiocarbon dating to estimate the age of one Greenland shark at nearly 400 years, making it the longest-living vertebrate known.
Despite their incredible longevity, little was known about the genetics behind their extended lifespan. Previous research on other long-lived animals, such as elephants and rockfish, has linked certain gene variations to longer life. However, no such study had been conducted on Greenland sharks until now.
In a recent study published on bioRxiv, researchers conducted whole-genome sequencing of a female Greenland shark captured in the Svalbard Archipelago. The shark was part of an ongoing tracking study, and scientists collected tissue samples before safely releasing it back into the wild.
Using advanced sequencing technology, scientists mapped out the shark’s full genetic code. They identified 37,125 protein-coding genes and found key genetic differences that may explain its extreme lifespan.
The study discovered that Greenland sharks have a unique set of genes related to immune function, DNA repair, and inflammation control. Several genes in the NF-κB signaling pathway—important for cell protection and immune response—were present in greater numbers than in other shark species. This suggests that Greenland sharks have stronger natural defenses against aging and disease.
Additionally, the research highlighted genes associated with cancer resistance, such as FOXF2 and FSCN1. These genes help maintain DNA stability and prevent harmful mutations, which may contribute to the shark’s long life.
Greenland sharks live at extreme depths where sunlight is minimal. Researchers found that a gene called rhodopsin (RHO) has adapted to detect blue light, improving the shark’s vision in dark waters. This challenges the common belief that Greenland sharks have poor eyesight due to corneal parasites.
The study also examined the genetic relationship between Greenland sharks and their closest relatives, Pacific sleeper sharks. Data suggests that Greenland sharks have experienced recent inbreeding, which could impact their population’s long-term health. Because they take around 150 years to mature, they are highly vulnerable to overfishing and environmental changes.
These findings provide valuable insights into the evolution and conservation of Greenland sharks. Understanding the genetic secrets behind their long lives may even help scientists study aging in humans.
With more research, the Greenland shark’s incredible biology could offer clues for extending human health and lifespan.
