In a study from the Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, scientists found drinking two to three cups of coffee a day is linked with a longer lifespan and a lower risk of heart disease compared to avoiding coffee.
The findings applied to the ground, instant, and decaffeinated varieties.
The results suggest that mild to moderate intake of ground, instant, and decaffeinated coffee should be considered part of a healthy lifestyle.
There is little information on the impact of different coffee preparations on heart health and survival.
In the study, the team examined the associations between types of coffee and incident arrhythmias, heart disease, and death using data from the UK Biobank, which recruited adults between 40 and 69 years of age.
Cardiovascular disease was comprised of coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and ischemic stroke.
The team used data from 449,563 participants free of arrhythmias or other cardiovascular diseases at baseline.
Participants completed a questionnaire asking how many cups of coffee they drank each day and whether they usually drank instant, ground (such as cappuccino or filtered coffee), or decaffeinated coffee.
The team found all types of coffee were linked with a reduction in death from any cause.
The greatest risk reduction was seen with two to three cups per day, which compared to no coffee drinking was associated with a 14%, 27%, and 11% lower likelihood of death for decaffeinated, ground, and instant preparations, respectively.
Cardiovascular disease was diagnosed in 43,173 (9.6%) participants during follow-up. All coffee subtypes were linked to a reduction in incident cardiovascular disease.
Again, the lowest risk was found with two to three cups a day, which compared to abstinence from coffee was linked to a 6%, 20%, and 9% reduced likelihood of heart disease for decaffeinated, ground, and instant coffee, respectively.
The team also found ground and instant coffee, but not decaffeinated was linked to a reduction in heart rhythm disorders including atrial fibrillation.
Compared with non-drinkers, the lowest risks were observed with four to five cups a day for ground coffee and two to three cups a day for instant coffee, with 17% and 12% reduced risks, respectively.
The team says caffeine is the most well-known constituent in coffee, but the beverage contains more than 100 biologically active components.
It is likely that the non-caffeinated compounds were responsible for the positive links observed between coffee drinking, cardiovascular disease, and survival.
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The study was conducted by Peter Kistler et al and published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
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