Researchers screened hundreds of millions of cells exposed to the COVID-19 and MERS viruses and identified dozens of genes that both enable the viruses to replicate in cells and also those that seem to slam the door on the virus.
The pro-viral and anti-viral role of these genes will help guide scientists in the development of new therapies to combat COVID-19, the researchers say.
The findings were reported in the journal Cell.
Scientists have previously identified how the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, attaches to and invades cells, but less is known about why some cells are more susceptible to infection.
Understanding the genetics behind the host cells’ susceptibility to infection may help explain why some people exposed to the virus experience few or no symptoms and others become extremely ill or die.
For the study, researchers performed a genome-wide screen of a line of green monkey cells, which are more likely to die after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 than commonly used human cell lines.
The screens for the first time allowed researchers to simultaneously track interactions of viruses and cells. The screens confirmed earlier findings that the ACE-2 gene, which encodes a receptor on the cell surface, promotes infection by SARS-CoV-2.
However, the screens also identified two new pro-viral protein complexes and a third, which seems to assist in preventing infection.
They found that SWI/SNF complex, which turns genes on and off, and HMGB1, which has a myriad of functions including regulation of inflammation, were linked to increased cell death after infection.
The researchers then introduced small molecule drugs that inhibit the function of two of the identified gene products and found they could increase the survival of cells after infection in a dish.
By contrast, the histone H3 complex, which helps regulate the expression of genes within the cell nucleus, seemed to provide a protective effect, inhibiting the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and kill cells.
“It is very important to understand the wide variation of responses to COVID-19, for instance why advanced age makes it much more likely that people will die,” said Yale’s Craig Wilen, assistant professor in laboratory medicine and immunobiology and corresponding author of the paper.
“We have identified both proviral and antiviral genes that may help us predict who is likely to get severely ill and what kind of drugs would be helpful or detrimental in treating patients.”
Wilen noted the information may not only be helpful in the current pandemic but also help prepare for outbreaks of future emerging coronaviruses.
