In a new study, researchers tested whether a daily regimen of hydroxychloroquine could protect those most likely to be exposed to COVID-19.
They found there was no difference in infection rates among health care workers who took the drug versus those taking a placebo.
While the researchers observed a lack of effect associated with hydroxychloroquine, infection levels were low among the participants, which the researchers believe points to the effectiveness of other prevention measures in the health system: social distancing, use of personal protective equipment, and proper hand hygiene.
The research was conducted by a team from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
Due to the novel nature of COVID-19, the science and medical communities have had to rapidly assess treatment and prevention measures.
One drug that has been considered as a potential preventive solution was hydroxychloroquine, based on laboratory studies that it could prevent SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, from entering cells in tissue culture.
In the study, the team set out to rigorously test whether taking a substantial dose of hydroxychloroquine—600 milligrams daily for two months- would have an effect on infection rates.
They conducted this study among hospital workers that regularly came into contact with COVID-19 patients.
The researchers were able to analyze a pool of 125 physicians, nurses, certified nursing assistants, emergency technicians, and respiratory therapists that they recruited for the study.
This population worked in several different areas of the two University hospitals, including the emergency departments and COVID-19 units.
Roughly half of the participants in the study took hydroxychloroquine while the other half took a matching placebo (a cellulose pill).
The study was double-blinded, meaning neither the researchers nor the participants knew which drug they were assigned.
Extensive testing was used to rigorously prove who did or did not contract the virus.
Each person received swab and antibody testing for COVID-19 at the start of their participation in the study, halfway through, and at the end—an eight-week span during the study period that began April 9 and ended July 14, 2020.
Participants also had electrocardiogram (ECG) tests because of concerns about hydroxychloroquine causing heart rhythm problems in severe cases of COVID-19.
At the end of the study, 6.3% of those who took the hydroxychloroquine had tested positive for COVID-19 while 6.6% of those who took the placebos were positive.
None required hospitalization. Additionally, there was no difference detected in the heart rhythms between those in either arm of the study, which showed that while the drug had no preventive effect, it was also not detrimental, outside of some temporary side effects like diarrhea for some.
The team says those who did get the virus, whether they were taking hydroxychloroquine or not, were all asymptomatic or had very mild forms of COVID-19.
While the study was originally slated to recruit 200 health care workers, and analysis along the way showed that a continuation of enrollment would not yield different results.
An independent data safety and monitoring board reviewed the findings and concurred.
One author of the study is Benjamin Abella, MD, MPhil, a professor of Emergency Medicine.
The study is published in JAMA Internal Medicine.
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