In a new study, researchers found that treating patients with an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with levodopa, a safe and readily available drug commonly used to treat Parkinson’s disease, could stabilize and improve their vision.
It reduced the number of treatments necessary to maintain vision, and as such, will potentially reduce the burden of treating the disease, financially and otherwise.
The research was conducted by a team at The University of Arizona.
More than 15 percent of the US population over the age of 70 has AMD, a common cause of blindness in developed nations.
Neovascular AMD (nAMD) is characterized by the abnormal growth of new blood vessels, triggered by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which can cause fluid and blood to leak in the subretinal space of the eye.
While nAMD represents only 10-15 percent of all AMD cases, it is responsible for 90 percent of the vision loss attributed to the disease.
The standard treatment requires frequent injections of agents to block VEGF. While effective, the injections are expensive and painful.
Earlier research found that patients being treated with levodopa for movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease were significantly less likely to develop any type of AMD.
In the study, the team found Levodopa has a receptor (GPR143) selectively expressed on pigmented cells.
This receptor can be supportive of retinal health and survival, which led to the development of our hypothesis that it may prevent or treat AMD.
The team developed two proof-of-concept studies to test whether levodopa improves visual acuity and the anatomical changes caused by nAMD.
They also evaluated the safety and tolerability of the drug in treating nAMD and whether treatment reduced or delayed the need for anti-VEGF therapy.
In the first study, 20 patients newly diagnosed with nAMD who had never had VEGF treatment were given a small daily dose of levodopa for one month and were evaluated weekly by their referring retina specialist, who determined whether anti-VEGF treatment was needed.
In the second part of the study, the patients who completed the first study and the second group of 14 patients who had received anti-VEGF treatment for at least three months before the study received escalating doses of levodopa to test the tolerance and efficacy of the drug.
The patients continued to be evaluated monthly by their referring retina specialists.
This trial demonstrated for the first time that levodopa is safe, well-tolerated, and delayed anti-VEGF injection therapy while improving visual outcomes.
In the first month, retinal fluid decreased by 29%. After six months the decrease in the retinal fluid was sustained and mean visual acuity improved enabling patients in the first and second group to read an additional line on the eye chart.
This is the equivalent of improvement from 20/40 to 20/32. Side effects were limited.
The team noted that levodopa may be unlikely as a standalone treatment in patients with newly diagnosed nAMD since 11 of the patients did require anti-VEGF injections.
However, they required fewer than the standard monthly treatments, and in the second group, monthly injections of anti-VEGF decreased by 52%.
These findings suggest efficacy and support the targeting of the GPR13 receptor with levodopa for the treatment of nAMD in future studies.
One author of the study is Robert W. Snyder, MD, Ph.D.
The study is published in the American Journal of Medicine.
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