In a new study, researchers found an experimental vaccine is effective at preventing pneumonia in mice infected with the COVID-19 virus.
The vaccine is made from a mild virus genetically modified to carry a key gene from the COVID-19 virus.
According to the researchers, unlike many of the other vaccines under development, this vaccine is made from a virus that is capable of spreading in a limited fashion inside the human body, which means it is likely to generate a strong immune response.
Since the virus is capable of replicating, it can be grown to high levels in the lab, so it’s easy to scale up and should be more cost-effective than some of the other vaccine candidates.
The research was conducted by a team from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
In the study, the team created the experimental vaccine by genetically modifying vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a virus of livestock that causes only a mild, short-lived illness in people.
They swapped out one gene from VSV for the gene for a spike from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The hybrid virus is called VSV-SARS-CoV-2.
Spike protein is thought to be one of the keys to immunity against COVID-19. The COVID-19 virus uses spike to latch onto and infect human cells, and the human body defends itself by generating protective antibodies targeting spike.
By adding the gene for the spike to a fairly harmless virus, the researchers created a hybrid virus that, when given to people, ideally would elicit antibodies against spike that protect against later infection with the COVID-19 virus.
The same strategy was used to design the Ebola vaccine that was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019.
That vaccine – which is made from VSV genetically modified with a gene from the Ebola virus – has been safely administered to thousands of people in Africa, Europe, and North America, and helped end the 2018 to 2020 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
As part of this study, the researchers injected mice with VSV-SARS-CoV-2 or a lab strain of VSV for comparison.
A subgroup was boosted with a second dose of the experimental vaccine four weeks after the initial injections.
Three weeks after each injection, the researchers drew blood from the mice to test for antibodies capable of preventing SARS-CoV-2 from infecting cells.
They found high levels of such neutralizing antibodies after one dose, and the levels increased 90-fold after a second dose.
Then, the researchers challenged the mice five weeks after their last dose by spraying the COVID-19 virus into their noses. The vaccine completely protected against pneumonia.
At four days post-infection, there was no infectious virus detectable in the lungs of mice that had been given either one or two doses of the vaccine.
In contrast, mice that had received the placebo had high levels of virus in their lungs. In addition, the lungs of vaccinated mice showed fewer signs of inflammation and damage than those of mice that had received the placebo.
Mice do not naturally become infected with the COVID-19 virus, so to assess whether the vaccine elicited a protective immune response in them, the researchers used genetically modified mice or, in unmodified mice, employed a complicated technique to induce susceptibility to infection.
The researchers are in the process of repeating the experiments in other animal models that are naturally susceptible to the COVID-19 virus.
If the vaccine also protects those animals from COVID-19, the next step would be to scale up production under what the Food and Drug Administration refers to as “good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions” and launch a clinical trial in people.
While the data are promising, this vaccine is still months behind in the race to develop a pandemic-ending vaccine.
Six vaccines are in the final stage of testing in people, and the team expects a vaccine to be ready for mass distribution early next year.
One author of the study is Michael S. Diamond, MD, PhD, the Herbert S. Gasser Professor of Medicine and a professor of molecular microbiology, and of pathology and immunology.
The study is published in Cell Host and Microbe.
Copyright © 2020 Knowridge Science Report. All rights reserved.
