The sacred oath taken by physicians during graduation from medical school to “First do no harm,” the first words of the Hippocratic Oath, provides a strong impetus for a commentary just published in.
In a new paper, researchers are urging all health care providers to always prioritize compassion with reliable evidence on efficacy and safety.
They recommend a halt in the prescription of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, with or without azithromycin, to treat or prevent COVID-19.
The research is done by a team from Florida Atlantic University and elsewhere.
Despite the fact, or perhaps due in part to the fact that there are no therapeutic or preventive measures for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, which accounts for less than 5% of the world’s population and about 30% of the cases and deaths, the widespread prescriptions of these drugs are nine times greater than in the last several years.
This widespread use is leading to nationwide shortages in patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, for whom hydroxychloroquine has been an approved indication for decades. These patients are unable to refill their prescriptions.
On March 28, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19.
By April 24, however, the FDA issued a drug safety communication warning regarding hydroxychloroquine and heart rhythm disturbances that can lead to sudden cardiac death.
The team says if these drugs need to be prescribed for patients with COVID-19, baseline evaluations and serial monitoring are an absolute necessity.
Further, they point out that the reassuring safety profile of hydroxychloroquine may be more apparent than real.
The data on safety derives from decades of prescriptions by health care providers, primarily for their patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, both of which are of greater prevalence in younger and middle-age women, whose risks of fatal heart outcomes due to hydroxychloroquine are reassuringly very low.
In contrast, the risks of hydroxychloroquine for patients with COVID-19 are strongly higher because fatal cardiovascular complications due to these drugs are so much higher in older patients and those with existing heart disease or its risk factors, both of whom are predominantly men.
In basic research, hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are structurally related and have similar mechanisms to inhibit the virus that causes COVID-19.
Despite their structural similarities, in vitro, hydroxychloroquine appears to be more effective. In addition, when used for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, hydroxychloroquine has fewer side effects, less drug interactions and is less toxic in overdose.
The authors note that the currently available evidence is restricted to eight published studies, five on hydroxychloroquine alone; two on hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin; and one on both in combination or alone.
Of these only three are randomized trials that enrolled 225, 62, and 30 patients—all too small to provide reliable evidence. All three tested hydroxychloroquine alone versus standard of care in China.
One showed no big difference in viral clearance at 28 days, the second, no difference in viral clearance at seven days, and the third, some improvements in fever, cough, and chest computed tomography findings.
The lead author is Richard D. Shih, M.D., a professor of emergency medicine.
The study is published in The American Journal of Medicine.
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