In a new study, researchers found that cytokine storms may affect the severity of COVID-19 cases by lowering T cell counts.
They examined coronavirus cases in China and found that sick patients had a much low number of T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in immune response, and that T cell counts were negatively correlated with case severity.
Interestingly, they also found a high concentration of cytokines, a protein that normally helps fight off infection.
Too many cytokines can trigger an excessive inflammatory response known as a cytokine storm, which causes the proteins to attack healthy cells.
The study suggests that coronavirus does not attack T cells directly, but rather triggers the cytokine release, which then drives the depletion and exhaustion of T cells.
The findings offer clues on how to target treatment for COVID-19, which has become a worldwide pandemic and a widespread threat to human health in the past few months.
The research was conducted by a team at the Third Military Medical University in China.
The team became interested in examining T cells when they noticed that many of the patients they treated for COVID-19 had abnormally low numbers of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that includes T cells.
They examined 522 patients with coronavirus along with 40 healthy controls. All patients studied were admitted to two hospitals in Wuhan, China between December 2019 and January 2020, and ages ranged between 5 days and 97 years old.
Of the 499 patients who had their lymphocytes recorded, 76% had significantly low total T cell counts.
ICU patients had significantly lower T cell counts compared with non-ICU cases, and patients over the age of 60 had the lowest number of T cells.
Importantly, the T cells that did survive were exhausted and could not function at full capacity.
Not only does this have implications for COVID-19 patient outcomes, but T cell exhaustion leaves patients more vulnerable to secondary infection and calls for scrupulous care.
The team says that future research should focus on finding finer subpopulations of T cells in order to discover their vulnerability and effect in disease, along with identifying drugs that recover T cell numbers and boost function.
They also say that Tocilizumab is an existing drug that may be effective, but that it needs to be investigated in the context of coronavirus.
Antiviral treatments, such as Remdesivir, may also prevent the progression of T cell exhaustion, but all future treatments will require further study.
In the meantime, this new research deepens our understanding of how the novel coronavirus affects the body and it indicates ways to lessen its impact.
The lead author of the study is Dr. Yongwen Chen.
The study is published in Frontiers in Immunology.
Copyright © 2020 Knowridge Science Report. All rights reserved.
